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Svetlost, pinealna žlezda i melatonin regulišu ciklus spavanja i svako narušavanje dovodi do disfunkcija. Koncentracija melatonina u krvi je odsutna ili nemerljiva tokom dana. Pinealna žlezda je u direktnoj vezi sa endogenim satom i luči hormon melatonin koji proizvodi pospanost. To je način na koji se prilagođavaju fiziološke funkcije različitim fazama dana, povećavaju aktivnost neurona u suprahijazmatskom jedru (SCN) koji regulišu budnost/STS i kontrolišu endogeni časovnik. Sa izvrsnom preciznošću naš unutrašnji sat reguliše kritične funkcije kao što su ponašanje, nivo hormona, spavanje, temperaturu tela, metabolizam i dr. Za ovo otkriče Američki naučnici su dobili Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju ili medicinu za 2017 god. Ovi proteini se akumuliraju u ćeliji tokom noći i degradiraju tokom dana, osciluju tokom 24-časovnog ciklusa, sinhrono sa cirkadijalnim ritmom. Pronađeni su geni per i tim (per/tim/tau dbt) koji kodiraju proteine: per (periodic) i tim (timeless). Generisanje cirkadijalnog oscilatora je bazirano na isprepletanim negativnim povratnim spregama, ekspresiji gena za vreme (eng. Sve eukariote pokazuju promenu u ispoljavanju genskih (ritam sinteze DNA i RNA, ritam mitoza), biohemijskih (metabolički ritmovi) i fizioloških (ritam sinteze i sekrecije endokrinih hormona, menstrualni ciklus žene, ritmične promene temperature, otkucaji srca, frekvencija disanja ciklus budnost i spavanje, rad i odmor i dr) aktivnosti pojačavajući i smanjujući svoje delovanje kroz cikluse. Pojave koje se u živom svetu ponavljaju istim redom i u istim vremenskim intervalima nazivaju se biološkim ritmovima.
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